Land of springs and healing - Kashmir
Kashmir, often called "Paradise on Earth," is also famously known as the "Land of Springs" due to the countless freshwater springs (nags) that dot its landscape. These springs are not merely sources of water; they are woven into the very fabric of the region's history, religion, and culture, each with a unique story to tell.
The Mughal Legacy: Verinag and Achabal
The Mughal emperors, with their keen appreciation for natural beauty and architectural grandeur, transformed many of Kashmir's springs into magnificent gardens, blending nature with human design.
- Verinag: The Source of the Jhelum
- The Wonder: Located at the foothills of the Pir Panjal range, Verinag is considered the primary source of the mighty Jhelum River, a lifeline for the entire Kashmir Valley. Emperor Jahangir was so enchanted by its beauty that he built an octagonal stone basin around the spring in 1620 CE. His son, Shah Jahan, later added a beautiful Mughal garden and arcades, creating a tranquil retreat.
- Significance: The spring's crystal-clear, deep blue water has a constant flow and is of great spiritual importance, with a legend associating it with the goddess Vitasta (the Sanskrit name for the Jhelum). The spring is a prime example of a karst spring, where water percolates through porous rock layers before emerging.
- Achabal: The Empress's Garden
- The Wonder: In the Anantnag district, Achabal is a place where a powerful spring gushes from the base of a hill. The Mughal Empress Nur Jahan, wife of Jahangir, was so captivated by it that she designed a stunning terraced garden around it in the 17th century. The garden, with its cascading fountains and symmetrical channels, is a perfect example of Mughal architecture blending seamlessly with nature.
- Significance: The name "Achabal" means "the place of running water." The spring's water is believed to have curative properties, and its scenic beauty makes it one of the most romantic spots in Kashmir.
The Healing and Holy Springs: Kokernag and Kheer Bhawani
Beyond the Mughal gardens, many springs hold a special place in the hearts of the locals for their unique properties and religious significance.
- Kokernag: The Golden Crown
- The Wonder: Located in the Breng Valley, Kokernag is a collection of numerous small springs that collectively resemble a hen's claw, giving it its name (koker means chicken, nag means spring). It is the largest freshwater spring in Kashmir. The surrounding botanical garden and trout fish farm add to its charm.
- Significance: The spring water is believed to have medicinal and digestive properties. The great Mughal historian Abul Fazl even chronicled its benefits in his text Ain-i-Akbari.
- Tulamulla (Kheer Bhawani): A Mystical Spring
- The Wonder: Situated in the Ganderbal district, the Kheer Bhawani temple is built over a sacred spring that is deeply revered by Kashmiri Pandits. The spring is believed to mysteriously change its color to reflect the divine mood of the goddess Ragnya Devi.
- Significance: This spring is a unique symbol of faith and devotion, and the annual Mela (festival) here is a testament to the communal harmony of the region, where Muslims make arrangements for the Hindu pilgrims.
The Ecological and Cultural Importance
The springs of Kashmir are not just for tourism; they are the lifeblood of the valley's ecosystem.
- Biodiversity Hotspots: The springs support unique ecosystems, providing a critical supply of freshwater for both drinking and agriculture. Many species of plants and animals rely on these water sources for survival, making them crucial for maintaining the region's biodiversity.
- Cultural Hubs: Historically, these springs served as communal spaces, especially for women, who would gather to collect water, bond, and strengthen social ties. They were considered sacred sites, and it was a social norm to keep them clean.
- Spiritual and Healing Properties: From ancient times, the waters of these springs have been considered sacred, with locals believing they possess healing powers and can cleanse sins, leading to their use in various rituals and religious ceremonies.
